Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Exam - Essay Example Analyze the options, select what you believe is the best option and formulate your proposed design to collect primary and/or secondary reliable and valid data to address your research question. 2. CORE CURRICULUM: Examine and critically analyze the seminal works on leadership and/or management related to your research topic. Drawing from this work and the broader literature you have read, address the contributions and the shortcomings of academic and practitioner research surrounding your topic, and clearly articulate the particular contribution that your research will address. Include a discussion of generalizability of your findings to related research contexts and/or questions. 3. CONCENTRATION CURRICULUM: Drawing from the recent literature in your chosen concentration (generally within the last three years), evaluate the unique contributions and/or extensions of your research question to the discipline. Draw from your personal experience as well as the greater body of literature to address the intersection of the seminal work discussed in question 2 with the current state of concentration literature and the chosen research question. SMEs are an important foundation of business activity in the Thai economy representing over 99% of the country’s businesses. The government is keen to support SMEs because of the potential economic and social benefits, and it has therefore devised several support initiatives. Various success factors are identified in addition to government support such as leadership and management skills, organizational culture and technology. After considering the three approaches to research methodology, it is decided that a mixed-method would be suitable because there is valuable data that can be collected and at the same time, more insightful qualitative information can be obtained. The descriptive research design will involve a survey to identify certain characteristics of SMEs and further research to

Chinese and American High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese and American High School - Essay Example So, a student who is attentive but never speaks up is prone to receiving a lower grade. However, in America, students’ personal expression is valued heavily, which affects the final grade. Many classes are based on group-based discussion, speeches, and classroom participation. The high schools of both the countries express cultural values. The Chinese classroom environment is collectivist where the teacher is the authority and the students lead him, while an American classroom is individualistic where each and every student is given attention. Chinese teachers may call students in front of the class, and tell them to discuss the lesson or ask questions. American students consider it damaging for their self-esteem if they are called individually in front of the class. They consider it shameful if they are not able to answer a question while the whole class looks at them. This is not the case in Chinese classrooms.To conclude, both the Chinese and the American high schools are f it for their own countries’education systems. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages, and their own systems of admissions and examinations. There are differences in classroom environments, parental concerns, teacher attention, and curricula. No matter how much different they are with respect to their classroom environments, teaching processes, and examination systems, the truth is that both countries’ high schools are trying their best to raise highly qualified students who are able to go far ahead in their academic lives.

Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS)

Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) Literature Review The aim of this chapter is to capture the main idea of the research in depth and provide a review on literature related to the study and go through the ideas of various authors towards the relevancy of the study and establish the need for the research. 2.1 Evolution Vessel Traffic Management System A vessel traffic management system (VTMS) is a nautical vessel movement observing system established by harbor or port authorities. According to TRANSAS (2014) the VTMS system utilizes information collected by advanced sensors, for example, radar, AIS, closed-circuit television (CCTV), Meteo-Hydro and other electronic object detection systems. The primary purpose of VTMS is to improve the safety and efficiency of navigation, improve features of port services, protection of life at sea and the safeguard marine environment. In 1946 a demonstration was done in order to identify the helpfulness of coast based radar system in Liverpool. The initial effort in developing harbour controlled radar was done by establishing a system at the end of Victoria Pier, Douglas, Isle of Man in 1948. (Hughes, 2009) With the rapid growth of marine industry marine safety and efficient navigation has been addressed as one of the issues that have major consideration. Different methods for improving the marine safety have been developed the past few decades. Some of them can be stated as radio-communications, navigation rules, electronic chart systems and identification systems. (Goralski, Ray, Gold, 2011) Goralski et al. (2011) further describes that most recent technological developments in improving vessel traffic management includes radar, electronic charting like Electronic Chart Display Information Systems, (ECDIS), vessel traffic control and management (VTMS) and automatic identification system (AIS) and communication. Several sources of data are combined from sensors such as GPS, radar and AIS in order to improve the vessel traffic monitoring. The final objective of this is offer more precise understanding of the navigational situations. Many developed countries utilize the services of highly sophisticated VTMS. The Port of London is one of the UKs busiest ports utilize an exceptionally advanced VTMS. In this VTMS the data from radars are associated with a mass of other data inside a very advanced computer system. This gives an ongoing picture and a thorough record of all developments at Port of London. (Goldman, 2011) 2.2 Vessel Traffic Management Systems in Commercial Setting As described by Goralski, Ray, Gold, (2011) many researchers have presented theories of developing an efficient vessel monitoring systems. The need for diminishing human error and decreasing the number and danger of accidents at sea is a need to be addressed. Developing such system to be used in real-time situations is a challenging task. Not much research has been done in this area. The world’s first three dimensional ECDIS prototype was demonstrated in Brest in 2007. This was a research led by Dr. Rafal Goralski and his team. It’s possible to incorporate data from many sensors around a port to produce a real time three dimensional traffic management visualization tool. (Goralski, Ray, Gold, 2011) As stated by Goralski, Ray, Gold, (2011) an interface has been developed and presently being trialed in the Port of Milford Haven. This system is used in real-time for navigation observing and control. The system is considered to be the first commercial operation of a 3D VTS. Transas Marine Limited and GeoVS Limited offer 3D vessel traffic monitoring solutions. Transas Group is a worldwide pioneer in marine navigation systems. Transas presented its initial 3D vessel activity monitoring system to the business in 2008. This system gives most extreme backing to VTS administrators. (TRANSAS, 2011). Sri Lankas first home-developed vessel movement administration system was the result of investigation led by the modeling and simulation group of University of Colombo, School of Computing. The system includes two dimensional and three dimensional views of the harbor. The three dimensional VTMS was established at the Colombo-South harbor in 5th August 2013. (UCSC,2014) 2.3 Need for more improved Vessel Traffic Management System The commercial 3D VTMS that were mentioned above are closed proprietary and extremely expensive solutions. This fact raised the need to implement a novel vessel traffic monitoring solution. The modeling and simulation group of University of Colombo, School of Computing developed the Sri Lankas first home-developed vessel movement administration system. This proposed and developed solution is entirely based on the free and open source structures (Sandaruwan, et al. 2013). There are limitations of the existing solution. In the existing solution, real-time movements of the ships can be visualized. However in the existing solution the path of a moving ship is not continuous. Goldman (2011) discussed that one of the major considerations in improving the VTMS is to enhance the use of Automated Identification System (AIS). The objective is to provide more data about the vessel’s positions. Furthermore a significant feature of the VTMS upgrading has been to further increase the continuity of the vessel display and resilience. In a research carried by Popovich, Christophe, Vasily, Cyril, Tianzhen, Dmitry, (2009) states that some of the important issues to consider in VTMS. The concerns are operability, accuracy and completeness of moving and positioning of vessels. Moreover a key problem in the vessel’s location estimation is addressed. That is in the occasions where the estimated location is different with the actual location of the vessel, and then the system should avoid such circumstances. 2.4 Automatic Identification System (AIS) The SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) Convention by the IMO (International Maritime Organization). According to that the Automatic Identification System (AIS) is an automatic system utilized on ships and other vessels for distinguishing and finding vessels by electronically trading information with other adjacent vessels, AIS base stations, and satellites. AIS play a vital role in managing vessel traffic and improving maritime security. Vessel engaged in international voyages AIS is required from registered tonnage (RT) of 300. A vessel travelling in national waters AIS is required from registered tonnage (RT) of 500. (SOLAS Chapter v, 2002) AIS information is classified as 2 types of information static and dynamic. Vessel name, call sign, MMSI number (user ID), IMO number, dimension, type of the ship are static information. Position, course over ground, speed over ground, true heading, rate of turn are dynamic information. (Vesseltracker, n.d.) AIS transponders naturally transmit information at regular intervals through a VHF radio incorporated with the AIS. The position and speed originate from the ships GPS or, if that comes up short, from another GPS receiver. Other information is incorporated when AIS transponder is installed on the ship. (Weatherdock, 2014) The AIS signals are then received by other shore-based facilities like VTMS or nearby vessels. The received information is then used to display ships on two dimensional marine charts. This helps to observe ships activities. This enables ports and coastal states to recognize ships in their waters and regulate the vessel activity. (Weatherdock, n.d.) . In Sri Lanka such receivers located at Colombo and Mirissa, receive AIS signals emitted from vessel at Colombo harbour. This information is used to display the vessel on two dimensional marine charts. The ships are represented by arrow heads. 2.5 Applications of AIS There certain usages in AIS data. To enhance security nautical activities To safeguard the maritime surroundings To support collision avoidance. To manage vessel traffic in busy harbors. 2.6 State Estimation Problems The objective is to estimate the states of a dynamic system sequentially, utilizing set of noisy measurements. Orlande et al. (2012) describes that in state estimation problems, the accessible measured information is utilized together with prior learning of the physical phenomena. This task is undertaken by minimising the error. There are many applications in state estimations numerous fields. Orlande et al. (2012) describes that the position of an aircraft can be found using estimation. Also it may also be possible to locate the position using GPS system and altimeter. Usually these measurements are not always accurate. In state estimation combines the model predictions and GPS measurements to obtain more accurate estimates of air craft position. This idea can be incorporated in the research since the measurements are available during the course of the ship. It is possible to make estimations for the locations of the ship for the places where measurements are missing. Also it is possible to check whether the estimations are reliable with the measurements. 2.7 Kalman Filter The Kalman Filter also known as linear quadratic estimation was developed by Rudolf E. Kalman around 1960. Peter Swerling developed a similar algorithm in 1958. Richard S. Bucy of the University of Southern California backed the theory, making it often being called the Kalman–Bucy filter. As stated by Madhumitha Aich (2010) the Kalman Filter is a mathematical system used to correct observed values that contain inaccuracies and other disturbances and produce values with are nearer to true values. In many military and space operations Kalman filter is widely used. The fundamental operation done by the Kalman Filter is to produce estimates of the true and calculated values. Then the uncertainty is calculated along with a weighted average of both the estimated and measured values. A considerable amount of literature has reported that there exist different variants of the Kalman Filter. Discussions such as that conducted by Madhumitha Aich (2010) presented that different variants of the Kalman Filter including Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter. The Extended Kalman filter is an extended variant of the original Kalman Filter. The requirement of linear equations for the measurement and state-transition models is relaxed; instead, the models may be nonlinear. The Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is an improved alternative to the (EKF) for a variety of application. According to Kandepu, Bjarne, Lars, (2008) the performance of the UKF is better than the EKF in terms of robustness and speed of convergence. However computational effort in both EKF and UKF are almost the same. Webb, Prazenica, Kurdila Lind (2007) addresses a problem of obtaining a robust, real-time estimation of aircraft states from a set of measurements. The solution is gotten through by implementing implicit extended Kalman filter, a variation of the classical Kalman filter. The approach taken in this paper is to use the Kalman Filter to provide reliable state estimation. The resulting estimates are implicit functions of the aircraft states, the tracked feature points, and the camera parameters. In a research carried out by Freeston (2002) the Kalman Filter has been implemented for robot localization. Robot localization means the method whereby a robot locates its own position in the world in which it functions. The measurements of the robots x and y components of the position and the orientation is available. The information can be represented by a state vector. In order to find out its position, the robot uses beacon distance and angle measurements and kinetic data. This data consists of error. The Kalman Filter is one of the better methods to incorporate measurements into estimates. The Kalman Filter identifies that the measurements are noisy and that occasionally they are discarded. Furthermore the Kalman Filter identifies measurements that have only a small effect on the state estimate. The Kalman filter smooth out the uneven effects of noise in the state variable being estimated by add in more information from trustworthy data than from untrustworthy data. The user is able to provide the value of the error in the data and the system as an input in the filter. The Kalman filter computes an estimate of the position by considering the noise in the data and the system. The Kalman Filter algorithm can be used to combine measurements from different sources such as vision measurements and kinetic information and different times updates as a robot is moving. In addition the algorithm provides an estimate of the state variable vector uncertainty which is a measure of how accurate the estimate. This situation is somewhat similar to the situation discussed in the research. This idea can be utilized in the research to obtaining better estimates of the state variables by minimizing the effect of the noisy measurements. (Freeston, 2002) 2.8 Particle Filter The Kalman filter (KF) has revealed tremendously useful, however has stern assumptions about linearity and Gaussian noise. This is not always satisfied in real world applications. In such situations Particle Filter can be used to obtain solutions. (Orlande, et al., 2012) The Particle Filter Method is a Monte Carlo technique that can be utilized to obtain the outcome of state estimation. Particle filtering methods can be used in situations which are non-linear and/or non-Gaussian. Particle Filter otherwise called as bootstrap filter, condensation algorithm, interacting particle approximations and survival of the fittest. (Orlande, et al., 2012) In Karlsson (2005) the Particle Filter is adapted to some positioning and tracking applications. Particle Filter is constructed on a model which is linearized and a Gaussian noise assumption. A method for estimating position of industrial equipment that works underwater is developed. The data is collected from sonar sensor and surface direction finding system using radar readings and sea chart data. The problem is approached by using Bayesian methods and data collected from maps are used to improve the estimation performance. A real-time application of the Particle Filter as well as hypothesis testing is presented for a collision prevention application. A situation is somewhat similar to the condition talked about in the research is discussed by Ceranka Niedzwiecki (2003). A navigation system for the estimation of the pedestrian position, based on evidence from sources like GPS, is created using the Particle Filter approach. Although the GPS provide accurate information obstacles such as high buildings, trees, bridges may weaken or reflect the signals. This leads to significant growth of errors or even creates loss of GPS signals completely. The Particle Filtering approach is suggested to be suitable in this situation in order to estimate the missing locations and make sure the estimates comply with the constraints of the digital map. 2.9 Chapter Summary In this chapter the past studies and discoveries presented by various researchers related to the research is discussed. The details about the development of vessel traffic management systems (VTMS) up to the present day commercial vessel traffic management systems are presented. The problems associated with the VTMS are addressed. Then the facts about the AIS data are presented. Then the chapter addressed the solutions to improve the VTMS such as state estimation. The theoretical background of the Kalman Filter is presented as a solution to the state estimation problem. In the instances the Kalman Filter is not applicable the Particle Filter is presented as a better approach.

Essay --

Paul Jobs was raised in Germantown, Wisconsin and became a Coast Guard in World War II. He made a bet with his friends that he would be able to find a wife within two weeks. He met Clara Hagopian, who was born in New Jersey after her parents fled the Turks in Armenia, and the couple was engaged within ten days. Clara realized that she could not have children, so the married couple looked at adoption (Issacson 28-29). Joanna Schieble was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin. She lived within a strict household where her father was extremely strict about dating. When Joanna met Abdulfattah Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria, her father threatened to disown her. She went with Abdulfattah to Syria and two months later when they returned, found out she was pregnant. Keeping the baby and abortion were not options the couple considered. When Joanna found out the adoptive couple were Paul and Clara Jobs, she made them promise that they would keep a college fund fo r the baby. Steve Jobs was born on February 24th, 1955. After some reluctance, Joanna signed the adoption papers and gave Steve Jobs to his new parents (Issacson 30-31). Steve Jobs knew from a young age that he was adopted. Many of his close friends believe that the awareness that he was given up as a baby made him into the independent person he grew up to be (Issacson 32). Jobs has said that he knows people say that the reason why he has worked so hard was because he wanted his biological parents to want him back, but Steve said that is not true. (Issacson 33). Steve’s father is the person that introduced Steve to technology. Paul worked on cars often, and although Steve did not like to get his hands dirty, he loved doing whatever he could to help h... ...nd Swainey). The students at this school probably have no idea who Steve Jobs is, but he caused their school to be picked as one of the most advanced in technology because of Jobs. Amy Heimerl is a teachers that works at Park Avenue Elementary School in Auburn, Maine. She works in a school district that encompasses iPads in the classroom. Her class consists of 22 students. She formed an individual learning experience for each student by putting the same library of applications on each student’s iPad and then moved certain applications to each student’s folder. The students have easy access to learning materials that help them progress faster. The iPad stimulated students to think individually and they were more apt to share what they learned with others (â€Å"See Inspiration†). Steve Jobs has changed the way the world uses technology in everyday life.

Frederick Douglass: Slave Life and His Constitution Views Essay

Throughout reading â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, one does not simply learn and discover the everyday average slave life style, Douglass incorporates his own mental philosophies as to how slavery and society is ran during that time by telling it from his own first person prospective, and he also uncovers the evils that slavery hides. Slaves during the antebellum of the Civil War had faced not only many physical threats by their slaveholder or master, but mental dangers as well. Douglass’s Narrative demonstrates the double purpose of the work as both a personal account and a public argument. Douglass introduces the reader to his own circumstances by telling his birthplace and the fact that he does not know his own age. He then generalizes from his own experience, explaining that almost no slaves know their true ages. Next, Douglass takes this detail of his experience and analyzes it. He points out that slave owners purposely keep their slaves ignorant, and that this is a tactic whites use to gain power over slaves. This is the structure Douglass uses in his Narrative. He presents his personal experience as a typical slave experience, and then usually makes a point about the experience and what it tells us about how slavery works and why it is wrong. Douglass intends to use the Narrative to expose the more evil underside of slavery. He writes to educate audiences about what really goes on at slave plantations, including more cruel and destructive behaviors. For example, he devotes his writings to a discussion about white slave owners impregnating their slaves. He does not seek to overly shock his readers. He presents a practice and explains how it touches on both slaves and slave owners. Despite the unfair treatment given to the female slaves, Douglass incorporates his own experiences with the slaveholders’ destructiveness through the memory of his meeting with Edward Covey. From the time upon his arrival, Covey beats him senseless for his so called â€Å"awkwardness†. Douglass doesn’t dwell on these instances throughout the course of his story. Douglass often returns to this theme, to depict the concept of slavery as repulsive and dirty to not only slaves, but the slaveholders as well. Douglass makes use of the stories of other slaves to make an argument about the inhumanity of slavery. After Douglass recounts Mr. Gore’s murder of Demby, he includes several similar stories, such as Mrs. Hick killing her female servant and Beal Bondly killing one of Colonel Lloyd’s elderly slaves. These additional scenes serve to support Douglass’s claims about slavery. Douglass is attempting to convince whites that the events he witnessed such as a white man killing a black man and suffering no legal consequences are the normal practice. Also incorporating the story of his aunt, and him witnessing the horrific beatings that had been laid upon her. He says,† I was so terrified and horror-stricken at the sight, that I hid myself in a close, and dared not to venture out till long after the bloody transaction was over.†(page.11). This shows yet another example of how slavery can not only be dehumanizing to the slave holders, but also affects the slaves mental state of mind as well. After escaping the plantation and moving on in his life, Frederick Douglass had begun his career as an abolitionist in 1851. Upon starting his career, he had faced his views towards the Constitution. His initial interpretation crossed that of another abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison. Both the individuals had agreed on many concepts. Both men started off by agreeing with the vision that the U.S Constitution was a pro-slavery document. When looking into the basis of the Constitution, the preamble states the basic rights of the everyday common citizen—- Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Douglass and Garrison however looked upon it in a different style. They had seen this document as a â€Å"covenant denounce and an agreement with hell† which the two individuals had said it compromised with the â€Å"tyranny of the slaveholder.† One can interpret this to meaning that the Constitution protected the slave holders. Douglass makes the comparison in which that the slaveholders used the Constitution as barrier for their beliefs. The two individuals find Supreme Court cases to back up their cause. The case in which is known as the Dred Scott decision proclaimed that the right of slave owners to got maintain their possession of their slaves, even if they were illegal. This yet again, was one of the key reasons as to why many abolitionists such as Douglass and Garrison were to believe that the U.S Constitution was nothing other than a Pro-Slavery document. Douglass had broken off to develop his own separate views over time. To Douglass’s usage, he had conjured a number of speeches which he had advocated the views of slavery to the white population by using his own personal experiences to create his strong message. In one of his well-known speeches, â€Å"What, To The Slave, Is The Fourth Of July† he confides in his audience how the Constitution is indeed a glorious document. But the key question that is asked in the course of the speech is simply, how do the slaves benefit from the document? The simple answer to that question was they didn’t.

Pediatric Nursing Shortage Essay

The Society of Pediatric Nurses (SPN) has been instrumental in advocating for high quality, culturally sensitive, and comprehensive care for children and families. The healthcare needs of pediatric patients present unique challenges due to different developmental stages, limited communication skills, and differences in epidemiology and approaches to treatment as compared to adults. Nurse staffing is a focus of major concern because of the impact of staffing patterns on patient safety and quality of care. The advent of managed care, shortened hospital stays, and public reporting of quality measures demand that healthcare organizations objectively define and assess the quality of care delivered to children and families. Registered Nurses are the primary caregivers within the healthcare setting and are the essential link in assisting patients and families with navigating and humanizing a highly technical and impersonal healthcare system. An organization’s commitment to high quali ty pediatric care is dependent upon appropriate staffing levels with adequately prepared nurses and the implementation of collaborative, evidence-based practice (Schwalenstocker, Bisarya, Lau, & Adebimpe, 2007). In 2007, members of the Public Policy Committee developed the Safe Staffing Position Statement. This document outlined recommendations for safe and effective nursing care for children and their families. The position statement was recently updated and is intended to serve as the framework to assist organizations providing care to children in the implementation of evidenced based staffing plans to promote high-quality care. It is imperative that schools of nursing, healthcare institutions and pediatric nurses utilize this document as a resource to ensure that appropriate education, training, resources and effective staffing plans are provided to ensure the provision of safe, quality, customer focused care to pediatric patients and their families. Problem Statement Following a Congressional request in 1993 for the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to study the adequacy of nurse staffing in hospitals and nursing homes, a 1996 IOM report recognized the importance of determining the appropriate nurse-patient ratios and distribution of skills to ensure patients receive quality care. A September 1999 IOM report first called the public’s attention to the problem of increased patient morbidity and mortality related to errors occurring within healthcare delivery systems. Since that time there has been a growing emphasis on patient safety, process improvement and the potential effects of adequate staffing. Rationale and Supporting Information Research has continued to show the association between nursing staffing and improved patient outcomes (Aiken, et al, 2010; Kane, et al, 2007; Needleman, et al, 2006; Stanton, 2004; American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2003; Aiken, et al, 2002). In 2007 the Child Health Corporation of America is association with the National Association of Children’s Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI) and Medical Management Planning/BENCHmarking Effort for Networking Children’s Hospitals found increased nurse staffing was associated with improved patient/family experience with care and a reduced incidence of adverse outcomes. NACHRI also reported that The Joint Commission found staffing levels had been a critical factor in 20 percent of sentinel events occurring over a ten year period from 19952005 (Schwalenstocker, Bisarya, Lau & Adebimpe, 2007). Stratton (2008) found a reduction in the rate of pediatric central line blood stream infections with an increase in nursing sta ffing hours. Research conducted by Mark, Harless and Berman (2007) showed a statistically significant reduction in postoperative cardiopulmonary complications, pneumonia and infections in the pediatric population with increased RN staffing. In addition, nurse staffing levels have also been found to be a critical determinant of nurse job satisfaction (American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2003). During the 108th Session of Congress (2003-2004), The Registered Nurse Safe Staffing Act was first introduced. The intent of the act is to hold hospitals accountable for the implementation of valid and reliable nurse staffing plans, taking into consideration each hospital unit’s unique needs and strengths. The Registered Nurse Safe Staffing Act was reintroduced in the 110th Congress (2007-2008) and further refined and reintroduced on June 15, 2010 under S.3491/H.R.5527 during the 111th Congress (American Nurses Association, 2010). The Society of Pediatric Nurses (SPN) believes the following additional factors are of critical importance regarding safe staffing for pediatric patients: †¢ There are unique challenges with caring for children. These challenges include: o Infants and young children are dependent upon adult caregivers and require closer supervision. o Many children have not yet acquired the communication skills to warn clinicians about a potential mistake or verbalize possible adverse effects about their care. Medication administration is much more complex since weight based dosing is required o for most medications (Kaushal, et al, 2001). The acuity and intensity of nursing resources required to care for children have been growing steadily (Monsen & Finley, 2007; NACHRI, 2003). Of the 14.1 million children in the US living in poverty, 1 in 10 lack health care coverage (Children’s Defense Fund, 2010). Childhood poverty contributes to deficits in primary and preventative health care and results in increased healthcare issues and higher acuity for these children (Children’s Defense Fund, 2002). Pediatric nurses practice in many settings including hospitals, schools, homes, clinics, long term care facilities, and public health centers. The multitude of settings and the wide range of resources available in each setting greatly affect the type and number of nursing staff required to care for any given patient population. The level of experience of nursing staff, unit layout, and level of ancillary support must be considered when establishing the staffing needs and assignment plan for any given unit (Institute of Medicine, 2010; American Nurses Association, 2007). Society of Pediatric Nurses Position/Recommendations SPN believes that all children and their families should receive safe, high quality, culturally sensitive, family-centered care in an environment that supports the development of the child and promotes excellence in nursing care. As an advocate for patients, families, and the pediatric nursing profession, SPN endorses the following recommendations: 1. Staffing is a complex issue composed of multiple variables (American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2003). No single published ratio for nursing staffing is automatically applicable in all settings where children receive care. Published recommendations for staffing ratios must be carefully evaluated for the particular pediatric setting since these ratios may inadvertently minimize the complexity and multitude of issues that must be considered in the care of pediatric patients and their families. 2. The professional registered nurse must be considered an essential member of the team providing care for children and their families; staffing plans must reflect this vital role (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2003). 3. Healthcare institutions should develop valid and reliable staffing plans (American Nurses Association, 2010) and patient assignments should promote developmentally appropriate, high quality care for children and families. Nursing leadership, registered nurses and other designated nursing staff should be involved in the development of staffing plans and proper preparation of staff for the patient populations cared for within the facility (Joint Commission, 2010). 4. While the specific details of these staffing plans will vary with individual patient needs and facility resources, SPN believes the following factors should be considered in all staffing situations: Number and acuity of the patient population. a. Assessment of patient needs including special developmental, physiological, psychosocial, and learning needs of children and their families. b. Availability of specialized pediatric equipment and supplies to provide the necessary care and the availability of other support services such as respiratory care, child life, social services, and spiritual care (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006, 2004a, 2004b, 1998). c. Level of education, competency, and the extent of experience and specialized pediatric training of available staff. d. Family involvement and/or the family’s special needs related to meeting the healthcare needs of the child (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006; Lewandowski & Tessler, 2003). e. Comparable pediatric staffing benchmark data and/or staffing guidelines from other pediatric focused professional organizations should be integrated into developing staffing plans if at all possible (National Association of Neonatal Nurses 2008; American Nurses Association, 2008; American Academy of Pediatrics 2006, 2004a, 2004b, 1998; NACHRI, 2003). 5. Nurses caring for pediatric patients must have appropriate education and experience to demonstrate competency in the care of this highly specialized patient population. The core concepts as cited in the following sources should be included in education and training: Pediatric Nursing: Scope and Standards of Pediatric Nursing Practice (American Nurses Association, 2008) Position Statement on Family Centered Care Content in the Nursing Education Curriculum (Society of Pediatric Nurses, 2008) Position Statement on Child Health Content in the Undergraduate Curriculum (Society of Pediatric Nurses, 2007) Core Curriculum for the Nursing Care of Children and Their Families (Broome & Rollins, 1999) Standards and Guidelines for Pre-Licensure and Early Professional Education for the Nursing Care of Children and Their Families (Woodring, 1998). 6. Organizations and nursing staff providing care for pediatric patients should commit to ongoing maintenance of nursing staff’s clinical competency through continuing education that ensures a current knowledge base of issues and trends in pediatric care delivery. 7. Organizations should work to establish practice environments characterized by open communication, teamwork, and effective collaborative problem solving to address nurse staffing issues and ensure safe, effective care for children and families. 8. Nurses are encouraged to assume professional accountability for their own practice. Nurses have accountability for the following: Being an advocate for the role of the registered professional nurse Being knowledgeable of state practice acts Being knowledgeable of the mechanisms available to address potential staffing issues References Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Cimiotti, J. P., Clarke, S. P., Flynn, L., Seago, J. A., Spetz, J. & Smith, H. L. (2010). Implications of the California nurse staffing mandate for other states. Health Services Research, 45(4), 904-921. Aiken L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J., Silber, J. H. (2002). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(16), 1987-1993. American Academy of Pediatrics (2006). Child life services. Pediatrics, 118(4); 1757-1763. American Academy of Pediatrics (2004b). Levels of neonatal care. Pediatrics 114(5); 1342-1347. American Academy of Pediatrics (2004a). Guidelines and levels of care for pediatric intensive care units. Pediatrics 114(4); 1114-1125. American Academy of Pediatrics (1998). Facilities and equipment for the care of pediatric patients in a community hospital. Pediatrics 101(6); 1089-1090. American Nurses Association. (2010). Safe staffing saves lives. Federal legislation: Registered nurse safe staffing act. Retrieved on-line February 13, 2011. http://www.safestaffingsaveslives.org/whatisANAdoing/federallegislation.aspx?css=print American Nurses Association (2008). Pediatric nursing: Scope and standards of practice. Washington DC: Author. American Nurses Association. (2007). Acute care staffing. Nursing’s legislative and regulatory initiatives for the 110th Congress: Appropriate staffing. Retrieved on-line: February 13, 2011. http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAPoliticalPower/Federal/legis/AcuteCare.aspx. American Nurses Credentialing Center. (2003). The magnet recognition program for excellence in nursing service health care organization, instructions and application process. Pub# MAGMAN03. Washington, DC: Author. American Organization of Nurse Executives (2003). AONE policy statement on mandated staffing ratios. Retrieved on-line: January 21, 20 11. http://www.aone.org/aone/advocacy/ps_ratios.html. Broome, M. & Rollins, J. (Eds.). (1999). Core curriculum for the nursing care of children and their families. Pittman, NJ: Jannetti Publications. Children’s Defense Fund. (2010). The state of America’s children 2010. Retrieved on line February 13, 2011. http://www.childrensdefense.org/child-research-data-publications/data/state-of-americas-children2010-report.html. Children’s Defense Fund. (2002). Basic facts on poverty. Child Poverty FAQs. Washington DC: Author. Institute of Medicine. (2010). The future of nursing: leading change, advancing health. Report brief: 2010. Washington DC: Author. Institute of Medicine. (1999). To err is human: Building a safer health care system. Washington, DC: Author. Joint Commission. (2010). Joint commission accreditation resources: Accreditation manager plus. Retrieved on-line: February 21, 2011. http://qvcsql01/JCRAMP/Frame.aspx. Kane, R. L., Shamliyan, T. A., Mueller, C., Duval, S., Wilt, T. J. (2007). The association of registered nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Medical Care, 45(12): 1195-1204. Kaushal, R., Bates, D.W., Landrigan, C., McKenna, K. J., Clapp, M. D., Federico, F., Goldman, D. A. (2001). Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(16), 2114-2120. Lewandowski, L. A. & Tessler, M. D. (Eds.). (2003). Family-centered care: Putting it into action: The SPN/ANA guide to family-centered care. Washington DC: American Nurses Publishing. Mark, B. A., Harless, D. W., Berman, W. F. (2007). Nurse staffing and adverse events in hospitalized children. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 8(2): 83-92. Monsen, R. B., Finley, S. (2007). Shortage of nurses and child health. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 22(3), 231-232). National Association of Children’s Hospitals and Related Institution s. (2003). Clinical practices service program: Benchmark data. Available from www.childrenshospitals.net/nachri. National Association of Neonatal Nurses (2008). Minimum RN staffing in NICU’s. Retrieved online February 11, 2011. http://www.nann.org/pdf/08_3009_rev.pdf. Needleman, J., Buerhaus, P. I., Stewart, M., Zelevinsky, K., Soeren, M. (2006). Nurse staffing in hospitals: Is there a business case for quality? Health Affairs, 25(1): 204-211. Schwalenstocker, E., Bisarya, H., Lau, S. & Adebimpe, O. (2007). Nursing-sensitive indicators for children’s hospital care quality: Indicators are essential, but further testing is needed for use in comparing hospital performance. A white paper prepared by the Pediatric Data Quality Systems (PediQS) Collaborative. September 2007. Retrieved on line: February 8, 2011: http://www.childrenshospitals.net/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Site_Map3&Template=/CM/ContentDisp lay.cfm&ContentID=29730. Society of Pediatric Nurses. (2008). Position st atement on family centered care content in the nursing education curriculum. Retrieved on-line: February 21, 2011. http://www.pedsnurses.org/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,222/task,doc_view/gid,193/

The Book Of The Acts Review Religion Essay Essay Example

The Book Of The Acts Review Religion Essay Essay Example The Book Of The Acts Review Religion Essay Essay The Book Of The Acts Review Religion Essay Essay For the intent of this essay, I will be composing a reappraisal on the book titled The book of The Acts, written by F F Bruce. This book is divided into six parts and for the intents of this essay, I will be reexamining each portion of the book and I will besides make an rating of the book every bit good as a decision. The book of Acts, is one of the books of the New Testament. It s writer is unknown, nevertheless Bruce tentatively accepts that its writer might be Luke. In this book, Bruce gives a measure by measure usher and dislocation of each chapter of the book of Acts and explains in inside informations what the narrative was all about. Reappraisal of Part One A ; Part Two In portion one of this book, the author, F F Bruce, starts to explicate about Jesus visual aspect to His adherents and followings over a period of 40 yearss between His Resurrection and Ascension. Harmonizing to Luke s work, the visual aspect was confine to Jerusalem and its vicinity. Luke declares that Jesus continued to teach His adherents and followings. In the clip of Jesus Resurrection and visual aspect, Jesus instructed his adherents non to go forth Jerusalem until they received the power of the Holy Spirit. ( Act 1:5 ) This event was followed by an out pouring of the Holy Spirit on the twenty-four hours of Pentecost. After the 15th twenty-four hours of the banquet of the Passover besides known as the Feast of the hebdomad, the writer points out that the Holy Spirit moved mightily among the adherents, which resulted in them having the gift of speech production in linguas ( Glossolalia ) . This gift attracted many people as they were keen on hearing the Gospel because of this. Enormous plants were done by the apostles during this clip, which besides resulted in Peter and John being arrested. Believers at that clip shared all things in common. Bruce besides take into history the fraudulence of Ananias and that of Sapphira. In portion two of this book, the writer went farther to enter about how Paul was being persecuted everyplace he goes to prophesy the Gospel. As a consequence this lead to groups being favoured over another. The apostle thought it was their responsibility to oversee fiscal agreement of the community. They therefore chose seven leaders of the Hellenist church, who were called deacon harmonizing to their tradition to assist with this undertaking. Many priest were joininng the trusters because of these spiritual place. Most Priest were from a affluent household, nevertheless there were some resistances from the ordinary Priests. The writer explained that there were three chief resistance groups. Harmonizing to Bruce, Stephen s arguer was that the Gospel meant the terminal of the forfeit and ceremonial Torahs. Stephen s address is frequently called defense mechanism or apology from Sanhedren. Stephen was subsequently stoned and executed as approved by Saul Reappraisal of portion Three A ; Part Four In this subdivision of the book, Bruce looked at the narratives about the healing of Aeneas every bit good as the elevation of Dorcas from the dead. Bruce besides looked at the good intelligence which were preached to the heathens and how they received the gift of the Holy Spirit. Chapter 13 of the book of Acts, which covers the narrative of how Barnabas and Saul were sent out from Antioch ( Acts 13:1-3 ) . After Barnabas and Saul was sent out from Antioch they went to a town called Cyprus as commissioned by the Holy Spirit. Whilst in Cyprus, they continues to prophesy the word of God in the temples of the Jews. After their evangelism in Cyprus they went to the South seashore of Asia Minor. The people who hears the sermon besides continue to evangelize unto others. The crowd continues to turn more and more each clip. Bruce explained about the healing of a feeble adult male at Lystra who was healed by the power of the spoken word of Paul ( Acts 14:8-13 ) . The writer explained that after the Lystran people have seen this marvelous mending they were amazed and they concluded that they were being favoured with a godly trial. It was non long earlier some Hebrews from Antiouch and Iconium came to Lystra and talked the crowd into their ain belief, therefore ensuing in the crowd to oppress Paul and pelt him. The writer explains about how Paul and Barnabas went up to Jerusalem. Whilst they were at that place, they had a meeting with the members of the Council and informed them of all that has happened to them and related all the marks and admirations that God had done through them among the Gentiles. In this subdivision, the writer besides talks about the missive which was sent to the Gentile Christians from the seniors of Church in Jerusalem. Reappraisal of portion Five A ; Part Six Bruce looked at how Paul and Barnabas parted company and how Paul chose Silas as his new co-worker. Afterwards, Paul and Silas went to South Galatia, where they continued to prophesy the Gospel and they were able to turn more churches in religion every bit good as in Numberss. Paul and Silas still continued to confront persecution and this resulted in them being imprisoned. Even after Paul was release, he still continued prophesying the Gospel, this did non frighten him from prophesying the Gospel. Paul besides continued to transport out different manifestation of the Holy Spirit, through healing and the transition of psyches. Paul continued his work until he moved to Ephesus. Paul s persecution continued and he was imprisoned once more and due to his sermon of the Gospel the writer recorded two more imprisonment after the one which happened in Ephesus. On several occasions, Paul will plead with the seniors for his release and he will be released. Paul was accused by the Jews of conv eying a Gentile within a out evidences, and he was arrested once more whilst he was in the temple. Paul was subsequently proved guiltless and he was subsequently handed over to some crewmans. Whilst they were at sea, the ship suffered sea storm every bit good as shipwreck and they were forced to travel to a town called Malta, where the people were so friendly. Paul carried out some marvelous plants whilst in Malta and healed the sick. After this Paul and the other crewmans continued their journey until they got to Rome. Evaluation Although the Book of Acts does non hold a named writer, nevertheless, Bruce tentatively accepted Luke as the writer of this book. Bruce provides first-class enlightening background on the geographical scene of the book every bit good as the historical and political characteristics. This book is utile to anyone, who wants mentions on the book of Acts for their sermon, nevertheless it will turn out excessively hard if it was to be used for bible survey. Due to the manner the contents of the book is, an person will non happen it hard when analyzing a peculiar subdivision of the book and they will be able to acquire good sense of the context. Decision Reading this book, has given me a clearer image of the book of Acts. This book was good written and its account every bit good as enlargement of the book of Acts was really good. It has a batch of resources which I did non cognize about and the narrative of Paul and all the persecution makes me to cognize that evangelism in the olden yearss was far worse than what we are sing now. However, we should all go on to be strong in the religion and merely as the several imprisonment did non do Paul to halt the work of God, we should non give up either when faced with persecution.

Free Essays on B.F. Skinner

Is it possible for psychologists to ever understand the human condition well enough to create a utopia by "engineering" human behavior? This is the challenge thrown out by behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner in his novel, Walden Two (1948). Well written and entertaining, Walden Two is directed to the layman rather than to the professional psychologist. It concerns a fictitious intentional community of 1,000 started by one Frazier (no first name or title ever mentioned) who applies the tools of behavioral modification to make of Walden Two the best of all possible worlds. Skinner's technique as a propagandist is to show us Walden Two through the eyes of various outsiders who possess varying degrees of skepticism and enthusiasm for the community. The reader can identify with one or another of these visitors depending on his own inclinations. Skinner/Frazier is provocative in his claims, deliberately so, in my opinion, as another technique in breaking down resistance. The more we resist an idea, the more power it draws from our very resistance. He begins with teasers, ideas which have interest and merit on their own but which are fairly trivial and extrinsic to his central thesis. The reader and the skeptical visitors sense he is trying to soften them up and stiffen their backs all the more. A philosophy professor named Castle is the main bearer of resistance. Skinner looks down upon philosophy as a form of navel gazing and Castle is made an easy target. More serious reservations come from the narrator, a psychology professor named Burris. However, Burr is also serves as a voice for Skinner and much conversation between him and Frazier is like an internal dialogue within Skinner, himself. The party is completed by two young men and their girlfriends. The guys and one of the girls are the enthusiasts of the group while the other girl resists by avoidance. She never engages any of Frazier's ideas and remains untouched by them throughout t... Free Essays on B.F. Skinner Free Essays on B.F. Skinner Is it possible for psychologists to ever understand the human condition well enough to create a utopia by "engineering" human behavior? This is the challenge thrown out by behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner in his novel, Walden Two (1948). Well written and entertaining, Walden Two is directed to the layman rather than to the professional psychologist. It concerns a fictitious intentional community of 1,000 started by one Frazier (no first name or title ever mentioned) who applies the tools of behavioral modification to make of Walden Two the best of all possible worlds. Skinner's technique as a propagandist is to show us Walden Two through the eyes of various outsiders who possess varying degrees of skepticism and enthusiasm for the community. The reader can identify with one or another of these visitors depending on his own inclinations. Skinner/Frazier is provocative in his claims, deliberately so, in my opinion, as another technique in breaking down resistance. The more we resist an idea, the more power it draws from our very resistance. He begins with teasers, ideas which have interest and merit on their own but which are fairly trivial and extrinsic to his central thesis. The reader and the skeptical visitors sense he is trying to soften them up and stiffen their backs all the more. A philosophy professor named Castle is the main bearer of resistance. Skinner looks down upon philosophy as a form of navel gazing and Castle is made an easy target. More serious reservations come from the narrator, a psychology professor named Burris. However, Burr is also serves as a voice for Skinner and much conversation between him and Frazier is like an internal dialogue within Skinner, himself. The party is completed by two young men and their girlfriends. The guys and one of the girls are the enthusiasts of the group while the other girl resists by avoidance. She never engages any of Frazier's ideas and remains untouched by them throughout t...

Chapter 5 Notes Essays - Fiction, Literature, Mollusc Shells

hapter 5 NotesLiteracy Circles (LOTF) Ralph Is frustrated with his hairThinks to himself while walking on beachHe decided to call the group backLater, evening he blows the conch shell and group gathersAt the meeting place Ralph grips the conch shell and scolds the boys for failure in rules, refuse to work, do not gather water, neglect the signal fire, don't even use the designated toilet area.Ralph try's putting everything back in place to avoid the groups fear of monsters.Jack says there is no beastOne of the boys says he hasseena monster, stating it might come from ocean at night.Jack bravely says if there is a beast I will hunt it downJack makes fun of piggy and runs offPiggy urges ralph to blow the conch shell and get boys back to groupCrying echo is heardinthe distanceMainly the fear of the beast becomes more imposing"What I mean is, maybe it's only us" Simon basically counters theboy'slogic of beast being in ocean with maybe it is just our minds overwhelming us.Jack and the hu nters use the little boys fear to their advantage A manipulation that leads the rest of the group fearful and more willing to gain power to jack and his hunters.Jack plays smart andtriesto become the beast to showcase power Golding asserts we are all able to become the beastAll inall,this chapter summarizes the fear at the beach.There isanargument on who should be the new leaderForeshadowing: Jack and Ralph are fighting, jack wants to take position as leader which leads to conflict. Foreshadow because jack may try to takeRalph'sposition in future.Imagery: While Ralph is walking at beginning of chapter, fallen palms, and the grass at base of trunks.The fear of the beast symbolizes the break down of society and need for civilization. Simon is shown as a shy kid+

A report on how to keep stock cost under the revenue budget in your Essay

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Implementation of Health for all Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

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Managed care contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managed care contracts - Essay Example Managed care is sometimes used as a general term for the activity of organizing doctors, hospitals, and other providers into groups in order to enhance the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care. Managed Care Organizations (MCO) include HMO, PPO, POS, EPO, PHO, IDS, AHP, IPA, etc. Usually when one speaks of a managed care organization, one is speaking of the entity that manages risk, contracts with providers, is paid by employers or patient groups, or handles claims processing. Managed care has effectively formed a "go-between", brokerage or 3rd party arrangement by existing as the gatekeeper between payers and providers and patients. The term managed care is often misunderstood, as it refers to numerous aspects of healthcare management, payment and organization. It is best to ask the speaker to clarify what he or she means when using the term "managed care". In the purest sense, all people working in healthcare and medical insurance can be thought of as "managing care." Any s ystem of health payment or delivery arrangements where the plan attempts to control or coordinate use of health services by its enrolled members in order to contain health expenditures, improve quality, or both. Arrangements often involve a defined delivery system of providers with some form of contractual arrangement with the plan. See Health Maintenance Organization, Independent Practice Association, Preferred Provider Organization (Pohley 2008). Systems and techniques used to control the use of health care services. Includes a review of medical necessity, incentives to use certain providers, and case management. The body of clinical, financial and organizational activities designed to ensure the provision of appropriate health care services in a cost-efficient manner. Managed care techniques are most often practiced by organizations and professionals that assume risk for a

Einojuhani Rautavaara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Managed care contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managed care contracts - Essay Example Managed care is sometimes used as a general term for the activity of organizing doctors, hospitals, and other providers into groups in order to enhance the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care. Managed Care Organizations (MCO) include HMO, PPO, POS, EPO, PHO, IDS, AHP, IPA, etc. Usually when one speaks of a managed care organization, one is speaking of the entity that manages risk, contracts with providers, is paid by employers or patient groups, or handles claims processing. Managed care has effectively formed a "go-between", brokerage or 3rd party arrangement by existing as the gatekeeper between payers and providers and patients. The term managed care is often misunderstood, as it refers to numerous aspects of healthcare management, payment and organization. It is best to ask the speaker to clarify what he or she means when using the term "managed care". In the purest sense, all people working in healthcare and medical insurance can be thought of as "managing care." Any s ystem of health payment or delivery arrangements where the plan attempts to control or coordinate use of health services by its enrolled members in order to contain health expenditures, improve quality, or both. Arrangements often involve a defined delivery system of providers with some form of contractual arrangement with the plan. See Health Maintenance Organization, Independent Practice Association, Preferred Provider Organization (Pohley 2008). Systems and techniques used to control the use of health care services. Includes a review of medical necessity, incentives to use certain providers, and case management. The body of clinical, financial and organizational activities designed to ensure the provision of appropriate health care services in a cost-efficient manner. Managed care techniques are most often practiced by organizations and professionals that assume risk for a

The Fall of Rome Essay Example for Free

The Fall of Rome Essay The fall of the Roman Empire was caused by many things. There were political, social, and economic issues all involved in the fall of Rome. Some issues were bigger than others, but I believe there are some major factors that led to the fall of Rome. I believe that the major factors that led to the fall of Rome were that barbarians knew how to attack the Roman Empire, the economy was going very bad, and Christianity was changing the way people were thinking. The first reason for the fall of Rome was that the barbarians knew how to attack the Roman Empire. Since Rome was running short on men to serve in the army, they needed to pay barbarians to fight in wars. It says on http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-empire/causes-for-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire that â€Å"One of the main causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire was the Barbarian Knowledge of Roman Military Tactics. The knowledge that the Barbarians gained of Roman style of warfare and military tactics by serving in the Roman army were eventually turned against the Empire and led to the sack of Rome by the Visigoths led by an ex-army soldier, Alaric.† This tells me that since the barbarians were in the Roman army for a while, they got to understand the way they fought and all their strategies. So when the barbarians attacked Rome, they already knew what Rome was going to do. The reason why they had to hire barbarians for the army was that people didn’t want to fight for their home. They would only do it for the money. The second reason why the Roman Empire fell was that the economy was going very bad. Document 3 says â€Å"First the economic factor†¦ While the empire was expanding, its prosperity was fed by plundered wealth and by new markets in the semi-barbaric provinces. When the empire ceased to expand, however, economic progress soon ceased.† What this tells me is that Rome would always conquer different places all the time. When they would do that, they plundered the cities they conquered and the Empire’s wealth source was made up of all the plunder. So when there was no more land to conquer, then there would be no more plundering. If there was no more plundering, then Rome’s economy would go down and they would have to find another source to get that money they always got from plundering. Unfortunately, they couldn’t find another source of money like that which led to the fall of Rome. The last reason why the Roman Empire fell was because of Christianity. Christianity had to do with the way people saw things in Rome. Christianity affected the people’s outlook on the Empire. According to Document 2, it says â€Å"The introduction . . . of Christianity had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrine of patience; the active virtues of society were discouraged; and the last remains of military spirit were buried in the cloister; a large portion of public and private wealth was consecrated to the . . . demands of charity and devotion.† What this tells me is that Christianity helped people not follow the way of society of Rome. This made people not want to fight for their home and resulting of hiring barbarians. Also instead of people putting money toward Rome, they put money for charities and devotions. The Christian way was against the way Rome was heading for which really made a difference. So in conclusion, the reason why the Roman Empire fell was because the barbarians knew how to attack the Roman Empire because they fought in the Roman army, the economy was going down because they couldn’t find a way to make up the money they were getting from plundering cities, and Christianity changed the way people thought of the Roman Empire making them go against the Roman way.

Movie Review: “Water” by Deepa Mehta

Movie Review: â€Å"Water† by Deepa Mehta Deepa Mehta is an Indian-born film director who lives and works inCanada. In 2005 her film Water was released. Water is the third and the last part of her Elements trilogy. The trilogy consists of three films: Fire (1996), Earth (1998) and Water (2005). All three films are dedicated toIndia: its history, culture, religion and the problems that arise in the country and in the society particularly due to different reasons. Water, the last part of the trilogy, concentrates on the social state of a woman in Indian society, especially on the social position of a widow. The film tells us about a small eight-year-old girl who was unlucky to become a widow at the very beginning of her life. Life of widows is not only difficult, it is also rather unfair. She cannot live with her parents. Chuyia has to spend the rest of her life in ashram a special institution for women like her widows who cannot even talk to other men, women who must be imprisoned in ashram in order to atone their sins. The se sins are considered to be the reason of their husbands deaths. Unfortunately Chuyia is not lucky at all. The ashram she lives in is ruled by a woman who is unaware of moral qualities of a woman and of a human in general. Madhumatis friends are scoundrels, transvestites and pimps. She sells the widows under her care to men, the permanent clients of the ashram. Chuyia sees and understands everything. She also comprehends that one day that will also become her fate. The girl is surrounded by different people and some of them are really good. A young, very attractive woman whose name is Kalyani becomes her friend. She also has to work as a prostitute but theres no choice for widows in ashram they do what they are told to do. Kalyani is young and her heart did not go to the grave with her husband. She lives, she breaths and she wants to live a full life. The tragic situation in which women find themselves is emphasized by her strong feeling towards Narayan a handsome man who falls i n love with beautiful Kalyani. The man is rather sure of his feelings. His firm intention is to rescue the woman by marrying her. A really controversial situation is depicted in the picture. Kalyani wants to be with Narayan as much as he does. Though she is not sure about her future life at all. She knows that her religion and the society she lives in prescribe her to hide from other people till the very end of her life. She has no right to love, no right to live a full life. On the other hand the soul of a loving woman tells the opposite things. That is a real problem that young Indian women face. Unfortunately it is next to impossible to deal with such superstitions and public opinion. There is no happy end in the story: Kalyani learns that Narayans father was one of her clients. There is a tragic pause: nobody knows what to do next. But the woman makes her decision: there is no reason to live. She kills herself. All these tragic events are observed by a small Chuyia. The girl rea lizes all the hopelessness and desperation of her future life. That may also happen to her. The question is left open. Works cited    Deepa Mehta impresses with Water. Accessed 7 May 2010; available from http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar /09water.htm; Internet.

Capital Punishment Essay: Death Penalty Should Be Reconsidered

Death Penalty Should Be Reconsidered      Ã‚   The Death Penalty is among one of the major punishments given by the United States Department of Justice. The following facts were given by the Office of Justice Program, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the United States Department of Justice themselves. During the year of 1995, Texas was the leading state with nineteen executions. This is about thirty-four percent of the executions in the United States. Also in that year, out of 56 persons who were executed, there were 33 white, 22 black, and one Asian. The persons executed were under sentence of death an average of eleven years and two months. Thirty-four states and the Federal prison system held 3,054 prisoners under sentence of death. This is a little over five percent more than the previous year. These figures are high for the year, 1995. People consider this fair since all these prisoners have committed murder, but sometimes the US Department of Justice can not bring justice to either parties.    As of December 31, 1995, lethal injection was the predominant method of execution in the United States. Out of 50 states, 32 are using this type of execution. There were some states who are still using the other types of execution. Eleven states authorized electrocution, seven of lethal gas, four of hanging, and three states of firing squad. Among these, the least suffering is lethal injection.    The most recent execution in Texas took place on April 3, 1997. A man who killed a woman during the 1989 robbery of a topless bar was executed the day after he made an unsuccessful suicide attempt. David Lee Herman, 39, tried to take away his life by unsuccessfully slashing his throat and wrist with a broken razor. An officer ... ... someone, we are sending the most cynicism about the value of human life. Also every time we execute someone, we as a society sink to the same level as the common killer. Death is lifeà ­s most powerful enemy. Therefore we are against killing people, and we cannot just take away a human being.   Ã‚   Works Cited   Dr. Gus Roberts. expo-l@listserv.uta.edu. Dr. Gus Roberts. May 04, 1997 roberts@ics.net. listserv email. May 04, 1997 Tracy L. Snell. Status of Death Penalty 1995. December 1996. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov.pub.bj.April 28, 1997   Michael L. Radelet and Ronald L. Akers. Deterrenc and the Death Penalty: The Views of the Experts. May 01, 1997. http://sun.soci.niu.edu...dppapers/mike.deterence. May, 03 1997. Associated Press. Murderer Executed a Day After Suicide Attempt. Dallas Morning News. April 03, 1997.

Animal Imagery in Timothy Findley’s The Wars Essay -- Timothy Findley

Animal Imagery in Timothy Findley’s The Wars Sigmund Freud once argued that "our species has a volcanic potential to erupt in aggression . . . [and] that we harbour not only positive survival instincts but also a self-destructive 'death instinct', which we usually displace towards others in aggression" (Myers 666). Timothy Findley, born in 1930 in Toronto, Canada, explores our human predilection towards violence in his third novel, The Wars. It is human brutality that initiates the horrors of World War I, the war that takes place in this narrative. Findley dedicated this novel to the memory of his uncle, Thomas Irving Findley, who 'died at home of injuries inflicted in the First World War" (Cude 75) and may have propelled him to feel so strongly about "what people really do to one another" (Inside Memory 19). Findley feels a great fondness for animals, and this affection surfaces faithfully in many of his literary works. The Wars is a novel wrought with imagery, and the most often recurring pattern is that of animals. Throughou t the novel, young Robert Ross' strong connection with animals is continually depicted in his encounters with the creatures. Findley uses Robert to reveal the many similarities between humans and animals. The only quality, which we humans do not appear to share with our animal counterparts, is our inexplicable predisposition to needless savagery. In his video documentary, The Anatomy of a Writer, Findley describes his affinity for animals when he says that he has "always been in awe of . . . animals. [He has] never understood where [humankind] picked up the idea that [animals] are less than [people] are-that man is everything". In The Wars, Findley stresses his belief that humans are "no better and... ...s of humankind and the hostile environment we create. Although a common assumption is that animals are vicious and wild, there is no evidence of this in the novel. Malice appears to be solely attributable to humankind. This is the truism that Findley depicts in his telling of the tragic story of Robert Ross. Works Cited Cude, Wilf "Truth Slips In: Timothy Findley's Doors of Fiction" The Antigonish Review, Spring 1996, vol 27 pp75. Findley, Timothy. Inside Memory: Pages From a Writer's Notebook. Harper Collins, Toronto: 1990. Findley, Timothy. The Wars. Penguin Books, Toronto: 1996. Macartney-Filgate, Terence. Timothy Findley: Anatomy of a Writer. National Film Board of Canada, Toronto: 1992. Myers, David G. Psychology 6th ed. Worth Publishers, New York: 2001. Roberts, Carol. Timothy Findley: Stories from a Life. ECW Press, Toronto: 1994.

English Literature-Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift

Gulliver’s Travels]- Jonathan Swift * By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Author of: Language and writing, DSB Publication Thimphu Communicative English, P. K. Books, Calicut A perception on Literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut   The eighteenth century was an age of satire.Dryden and pope immortalized themselves by their verse while Jonathan Swift was undoubtedly the greatest British satirist in prose. The political and religious controversies of the time were conducive to the promotion of satire in an age of urbanity and refinement which not only tolerated but delighted in satire, provided, it was humorous and witty it has been remarked that satire is the fine art of calling names. In Rome Horace and Juvenal used satire for the purpose of ridiculing human affectations, follies and vices with a view of reforming society.But when the satire is too general it stands in danger of falling wide of its target and when it is directed agai nst individuals it is likely to be debased in to personal lampoons. Swift wrote personal satires but his attacks were generally directed against common abuses and his main purpose was to reform society. Jonathan Swift was born of English parents in Dublin in 1667. He was a distant cousin of Dryden who happened to incur the lasting displeasure of Swift by his remarks: †cousin Swift you will never be a poet†.Distantly related to Sir William Temple, a retired politician and an elegant writer of the period Swift came to London and stayed with his wealthy relation as a poor dependent and confidential secretary. He graduated from Trinity College Dublin and was well read in the classics. Later he studied theology and was ordained priest . one of his squibs on religion offended Queen Anne and he was baulked of his promotion in the church but after her death he rose to be the Dean of St. Patrick’s in Dublin towards the close of the century.Temple happened to dabble in lite rature. The controversy regarding the relative merits of the ancient and modern authors roused more heat than light for some time in France and Temple made some references to it in one of his essays. Virulent attacks and counter attacks appeared in the press. It was a veritable storm in a tea cup. Swift was neither concerned with the controversy nor qualified to take an effective part in it. Nevertheless he entered in to the fray with all the weapon in his arrows – satire, humour, irony, sarcasm, ridicule and invective.In his ‘the battle of the books’ he supported Temple and ridiculed his opponents. In the famous allegory of ‘the bee and spider’, he praised the ancients as furnishing honey and wax, sweetness and light, and ridiculed the moderns as weaving flimsy webs, like the spider , with the poisonous stuff that flowered from themselves. In the tale of a tub, swift set out to ridicule the extremist in Catholicism and the fanatical dissenters and t o advocate the middle course as represented by the Anglican church.For this purpose he invented an allegorical fable of three brothers who inherited a coat of a piece from their father with strict instructions regarding its use. The coat, of course, is the Christian theology. The three brothers Peter, Martin and Jack symbolise respectively Roman Catholicism, the Anglican Church and the dissenters. It is a master piece of satire, but the ultimate result of swift’s satire was to bring all religion in to contempt, though that was not his real aim. Swift’s irony can best illustrated by his short pamphlet entitled a modest proposal.He was roused to righteous indignation at the ruthless exploitation of the Irish peasantry by their absentee landlords in England. But swift opens his ‘proposal’ with a quietly deceptive tone of seriousness. He puts forth his modest proposal for the economic uplift of the poor Irish peasants; â€Å"every woman of child-bearing age i s to produce as many children as possible and bring them to the market when they are one year old; Page 1 children aged one year are most delicious according to the best authorities and so they would be in great demand at an English noble man’s table.It is not difficult to see the righteous indignation beneath the apparently cold-blooded argument, the irony is devastation. Swift is the author of the pamphlets, political, religious and literary in which he sought the reform of the society of its abuses and affections. But his magnum opus is Gulliver’s travels (1726). It is at once children’s classics as well as a serious treatise in which satiric pours corrosive ridicules of he on what Swift considers to be the abuse of his age. As children’s classic it can be read as a marvelous adventure in wonderland. With an abundance of circumstantial details. e are told how a certain Gulliver happened to make several voyages into strange undiscovered countries. Swift makes certain preposterous assumptions but once the initial premise is granted what follows conforms it with mathematical precision. in his first voyage, ‘A voyage to Lilliput Gulliver was driven. Far away from his course ;he was cast ashore on an island called Lilliput, where the inhabitants were about six inches tall and all the environment of animate and inanimate conformed exactly to those human dimensions. They were equipped with bows and arrows in which they were adepts.It was mathematically calculated that Gulliver would require food which 1728 Lilliputians would consume. The king was a patron of learning, he was handsome and majestic. Gulliver was carefully searched and dispossessed of his pistols and ammunitions. The courtier practiced tight rope walking and official preferment went to those who excelled in this exercise. The most accomplished of them was the filmnap, the treasurer. (the king supposed to stand for the George l and filmnap, the Whig prime minister Rob ert Walpole). The Lilliputians were engaged in war with the neighboring country, Belfuscu.It was easy for the Lilliputians to win with the help of their gigantically, but as soon as they accomplished they turn against him in ingratitude. Filmnap continued to be his chief enemy. Gulliver knew that he ws likely to be unjustly accused of high treason and therefore he secretly grossed over to Belfuscu and escaped from eminent danger. He returned home and stayed with his wife and family for two months. A Voyage to Brobdingnag. He was again possessed of an insatiable desire to go on another voyage. This time he was bound for India. This second voyage proved to be equally eventful and strange.All alone he happened to be cast ashore on a strange land where corn was at least forty feet high and the first person he saw appeared as tall as an ordinary spire steeple. He was farmer’s servant who first looked at Gulliver as a curious creature and took him to his master. This country was Br obdingnag, where the people were sixty feet in height. The skin of these giants was repulsively hard and ugly, freckled and covered all over with wrat and moles and rough hair. When one of the nurses was suckling the child entrusted to her Guilllver saw her revoltingly big breasts, which â€Å"cold not be less than ixteen feet in circumference. The nipple was about half of my head and the hue both of that and dug so verified with spots, pimples and freckles that nothing could appear more nauseous† . Many times he was in the danger of being killed by gigantic creatures of Brobdingnag but luckily for him he had nine year old nurse ,the farmer’s daughter called Glumdalclitch, who took care of him and protected him from dangers. In his greed the farmer exhibited Gulliver in market places and finally brought to Metropolis where the king and the queen took a fancy to him and took him under their special protection.But Gulliver’s kind nurse was asked to stay in the pal ace to take care of him. Though the Brobdingnag were physically gross and repulsive they were kind and sensible. The king observed how â€Å"contemptible a thing was human grandeur which could be mimicked by such diminutive insects like I†. the queen’s maids of honour always invited Glumdalclitch to visit them in their room with Gulliver whom they thought to be as sort of pet. â€Å"They would often strip me naked from top to toe and lay me in their bosoms, where I was disgusted because†¦.. very offensive smell came from their skins†. Gulliver had the most dangerous experience of his life when a monkey took him in his paw and fliited from one building to another with Gulliver dangling from his paw. From that day onwards Glumdiltich took greater care of Gulliver. Page 2 A Voyage to Brobdingnag The king used to enquire of the political and religious conditions of the Europe. Gulliver ironically expatiated upon the wonderful parliamentary system and elections in European nations, their standing armies and their institutions.Far from admiring these, the Brobdingnagian king was astonished, and he protested that it was only a â€Å"heap of conspiracies rebellions massacres, revolutions and banishments. The very worst effects that avarice, factions, hypocrisy, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, lust, malice and ambition could produce. † â€Å"Finally the king concluded with the most ferocious attack on the state of affair in contemporary Europe, I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be most pernicious race of little odious vermin that ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth. Further Gulliver informed the king about the invention and use of gun powder which could destroy whole batteries of an army. The king’s ingenious remark was certainly an echo of Swift’s own opinion: â€Å"he gave it for his opinion that whoever could make two ears of corn or two blades of grass to grow upon a spot of gro und where only one grew before would deserve better of mankind, and more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together†.Gulliver speaks with approval of Brobdingnagian’s learning which consist only immortality, history, poetry, maths; to write a command upon any law is a capital crime; their style is clear, masculine and smooth, but not florid. This is Gulliver’s and (Swift’s) criticism of European civilization in his own age. When he returned home at first Gulliver had a good deal of difficulty in adjusting to himself to his wife and friends; he felt that they were all pygmies and he a giant; he felt for some time that he had lost his wife.A Voyage to Laputa Gulliver’s third voyage was to East Indies; he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached fort St. George, Madras where he stayed for three weeks. He resumed his journey but was captured by pirates and left alone in a group of islands called Laputa. Here the im portant persons were so much absorbed in speculation, scientific and political that they had to have flappers who brought them back to their sense by flapping their ears and mouths. An opaque flying island often hovered over the islands when they were cut off from the sun’s light.Here Gulliver visited several islands and in the grand academy situated in Lagado he found people engrossed in various projects. One was trying to â€Å"extract sun beams from cucumber†; another was working trying on an â€Å"operation to reduce human excrement to its original food†. Yet another was trying to â€Å"calcine ice into gun powder† and so on. Most of them begged Gulliver for monetary assistance, in one of these islands there were magicians and conjurers; in another there were a group of people called Struldburgs, people who would not die was a curse rather than a blessing.Afterwards Gulliver sailed towards Japan and from there returned to England. Voyage to Houyhnhnms Gulliver’s fourth voyage took him to the land of the Houyhnhnms( pronounced as hou-in’em), a strange species of rational horses. By a curious accident he landed on Houyhnhnm land, where the first object he saw was a physically repulsive creature. Gulliver was disgusted for â€Å"upon the whole I never beheld in all my travels so disagreeable an animal, or one against which I naturally conceived so strong an antipathy. And yet he could recognize in him a man like himself.The horses were the master of these debased human creatures called Yahoos. Gulliver was amazed to see the most urbane conduct in the Horses (though they were beasts) and the most bestial behavior among the human-looking Yahoos. These Horses were endowed with a fine degree of reason; their behavior was â€Å"so orderly and rational, so acute and judicious† that Gulliver at last concluded that they must needs be magicians who had thus Page 3 metamorphosed themselves. In a few months Gulliver was able to communicate in the language of the Honyhuhums.Curiously enough their language did not have words to express lies and other similar concepts; they were dignified and handsome, and their strength and speed were marvelous. On some occasions Gulliver discussed to the King that in Europe, human beings trained the horses and rode on their back and naturally roused great indignation in the king. When he went on to describe the fierce wars in Europe the king of Honyhuhums was greatly amazed at the perversion of human reason, but he consoled himself with the thought that these petty creatures could not do much mischief even if they wanted to.His amazement grew when he was told how many people in Europe were ruined by law and all advocates without exception were so accustomed to lying that they would never take up a true case. Gulliver further informed the king how in his own country a man rose to power â€Å"with prudence to dispose of a wife, a daughter or a sister† by betray ing a predecessor or by pretending to a furious zeal in public assemblies against the corruptions of the court. The chief minister’s palace was a seminary to breed others in his own trade, and they excelled in insolence, lying and bribery.The yahoo in Houyhuhums land has to ‘lick his master’s feet and posteriors and drive the female yahoos to his kennel, for which he was now and then rewarded with a piece of ass’s flesh â€Å"The houyhuhums were endowed by nature with a genial disposition to all virtues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦their grand maxim is to cultivate reason. † Their convictions were never discolored by passion and self-interest. A universal friendship and benevolence governed all their conduct, but they had no ‘fond nesses or pets. They practiced a control of their population by restricting the progeny of each couple to one male and one female colt.It was again, reason and not passion, which governed propagation. The four lessons of their educa tion were ‘Temperature industry, Exercise and Cleanliness. ’ They trained up their youth to strength, speed and hardness. On the whole Houyhuhums maintained a high degree of decency and dignity. If they were not able to rise to great glories of the spirit, they were also incapable of descending into the depths of bestiality. Some of the Houyhuhums were afraid that because Gulliver possessed some rudiments of reasons he might try to seduce the yahoos of the land so it was decided that he must be expelled from the country.So he had a vessel constructed and he resumed his voyage. He fell into the hands of very cruel people but eventually a very kind-hearted Portuguese captain took him and put him safely on the shore of Byland, where he soon joined his wife and children. But he shuddered at the sight of them as they resembled the disgusting yahoos. â€Å"As soon as I entered my house. † Gulliver tells us, â€Å"my wife took me in her arms and kissed me; at which, ha ving not been used to the touch of the odious animal for so many years. I fell in a swoon for almost an hour. During the first year (of my return) I could not endure my wife or children in my presence.The very smell of them was intolerable; much less could I suffer them to eat in the room. † So great was his admiration for Houyhuhumn that for some time he used to walk like a horse and neigh like a horse. The tragic denunciation of man is rounded off with comic laughter. The book concludes with an assertion that â€Å"a traveler’s chief aim should be to make men wise and better, and to improve their minds by the bad as well as the good example of what they deliver concerning foreign places. † And Swift seems to feel that the most intolerable vice among the yahoo kind is pride.In one of his letter to Alxander Pope, Swift explained his aim in writing Gulliver Travels â€Å"the chief end I propose to myself in all my labours is to vex the world rather than divert it . † Nevertheless the book has been infinitely diverting and has established itself as a children’s classic. it is a universal favorite not because it is sought to ‘vex’ the reader’s into a realization of their individual and social follies and vices, but because the scene conceived a series of diverting situations and episodes and described them with plenty of imaginative and humorous details.In the first voyage, the diminutive Lilliputians, providing themselves on their destructive arms mere bows and arrows and their stratagems of war are ridiculous. And Gulliver could easily capture dozens of the enemy ships disregardful of the arrows which hit him. Page 4 The factions between the Big Enders and the Little_Enders been the High_heels and Low_heels, are ludicrous in the extreme. In the land of the Brobdingnagians the gigantic creatures as tall as church_steeples are equally amusing, particularly to children.The account of Gulliver’s fall throu gh the fingers of one of the two men and his miraculous escape from death by being stuck up on the pin of her ‘stomacher’, his adventure with the monstrous monkey, which took him all over the house-tops and tree-tops with the prospect of imminent death for Gulliver, the diversion of one of the maids of honour who stretched Gulliver on her breast, and a dozen similar episodes cannot fail to fascinate the reader. It is to be admitted that the third voyage, a voyage to Laputa is not half as successful as the one before it or the one that comes after it.It is episodic and confused. But the scientific and political projects such as trying to extract sun beams out of cucumbers, food out of human excreta, and gun powder out of ice are travesties of what Swift considers to the unprofitable research-projects in his own time. The tempo rises once again when we follow Gulliver through his last voyage. This time into the land of the rational Honyhuhmns. Apart from its satiric purpo se, the fourth book describes with humor and imagination the debased mankind and the rational noble Horses, who was Gulliver’s unbounded admiration for them.Since his return to England Gulliver found it difficult to adapt himself to his own species: he was repulsed, by his wife’s embraces and kisses; he walked like a horse and neighed like a horse; he built his tent in the stables and chose horses rather than human as his companions. Swift’s satire is directed as much against the Yahoo’s and the Honyhuhmns as against Gulliver himself. Certainly we shall be committing a gross mistake if we, like the 19th century critics of Swift, identify Gulliver with Swift himself, though it is true that in general places the identification is unmistakable.If we could ignore for the moment the political and moral allegory of â€Å"Gulliver’s travel† we can enjoy it as a fascinating narrative of adventures in which the imaginative frame work is amazingly fil led with apparently realistic details. It is at once an imitation and a parody of the traveller’s accounts and imaginary utopia’s which enchanted the Elizabethan’s and their successors. But â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† is much more than a children’s classic. It is a merciless satire on the political and moral conditions of Europe in eneral and of England in particular. Swift intended to ‘vex’ his contemporary into a realization of their pettiness and pride, their avarice and manners, the enormity of their follies and vices, the degradation of their institution and their needless wars of destruction. Swift did not care to point out human follies and vices with gentle humor as did Addison and Steele; on the other hand his righteous indignation burnt fiercely in him, he fretted and fumed at the mouth; he quashed his teeth and poured out satire and sarcasm and invective.So fierce was the onslaught and so great the disgust that he has o ften been branded as a misanthrope and a cynic, but as we have already seen his Modest proposal should put us on our guard. In one of his letters to his friends, Alexander Pope, he said, ‘I hate and detest that animal called man, although I heartily love John, Peter Thomas and so forth. In the first book, the political satire is transparently clear. After his disillusionment with the Whigs, Swift went over to the Torries. Ever since he stood firm as a conservative and an ardent member of the Anglican church.He was indignant at the undeserved fall and exile of oxford and Bolingbroke (with whom Gulliver often identifies himself). The Lilliputians are the English; the Blefuscudians are the French, who were often at war with each other. Bolingbroke and saved England can Gulliver had saved the Lilliputians, but ingratitude and treachery drove the benefactor out of the country. The sexual promiscuity, the political machinations and the pettiness (as represented by their size) and pr ide of the Lilliputians are a satire on contemporary English society. Lilliput is sometimes utopia sometimes 18th century England made utterly contemptible by the small size of the people who exhibit the same vices and follies as the English. The account of Lilliputians politics with the quarrel between the high- heels and the low-heels and between the big-enders and the little-enders, is clearly a parody of English politics, on the other hand, this chapter on Lilliputian law and education is almost wholly utopian† (David Daichas). Page 5 In the second book, the satire is more complex.If in the first book, Swift satirized the pettiness of man and disproportionate pride and sense of importance, here Swift applies the magnifying glass to man’s disgustingly bloated vices, his repulsive physical features and bodily odour. Even the fairest of the female Brobdingnagians had disgustingly big blotches, pimples and freckles all over their skin and the offensive smell which emana ted from their body indicated that man had no reason to be proud. But, the satire here is two edged.When Gulliver expatiated upon the conditions of Europe in ironic admiration of its institutions and its warfare. The virtuous king of Brobdingnag was moved to exclaim-â€Å"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth† for their history revealed. Nothing but ‘a heap of conspiracies, rebellions, murders, massacres, revolutions, banishments, the very affects that avarice fraction, hypocrisy, perfidiousness, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, just, malice and ambition could produce. It is to be admitted that this type of general satire the intended affect because everyone lays the blame at the door of others and never applies it to himself The voyage of Laputa satirises England’s tyranny over Ireland . It is easy to see in the flying island the oppressive role of England on the life of Ireland. Lindalino is anagram of Dublin. Swift ridicules the activities of the scientific experiments under taken by the Royal Society. Which is represented here by the academy of projectors in Lagado?Swift was concerned only with the ethics of life and the experiments in science and politics appeared to him as needless waste of time in the innumerable cells of the academy, one has been working at the ridiculous project of extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers another has been encaged for long in the project of turning human excrement in to human food and yet another has been trying to convert it in to gun powder here at any rate swift satire mysteries, for if science had been discouraged by this sardonic attack on them the present marvels of scientific discovery would have been impossible.The last voyageto houyhnhnm land take us into deeper waters. Critics of swift in the 18th and 19th centuries were misled into thinking that here swift was extolling the sensible animals and branding human beings irredeemably vicious and intolerably disgusting like the yahoos. it is true that swift scorn of debased man is terrible but Gulliver is not swift the ardent Anglican dean could not have held up to our unqualified admiration the houyhnhnms who were of course rational, decent, benevolent and friendly. They limited their families to two colts- one male and the other female.They imparted instruction to their youth intemperance, industry exercise and cleanliness. The praise of these animals is intended to show how very debased man can be when he perverts his reason and yields to his passions but if the houyhnhnms escape the depths of human depravity, they also miss the glory of the human life, certainly the modern view that swift is not to be identified with Gulliver does not admit of further dispute. 3. Swift is often accused of being a pessimist, a cynical gloomy misanthrope, a seventeenth century Timon of Athens.At any rate this was the view of swift which 18 th and 19th century critics of swift had consistently maintained This view has been stoutly challenged by modern critics who have examined the book from a variety of angles. In the first two books of Gulliver’s travels in Gulliver s voyage to Lilliput and Brobdingnag, there is obvious gentility though the narrator shows his disgust at the pettiness and the squabbles of the pygmies and the grossness of the Brobdingnaginas physical features.In Brodingnaginas, the nine year old Glumdaiclits is full of tender solicitude for his safety, and is almost in tears at her fathers greed in intending to amass money buy exhibiting Gulliver at the market place. The educational system of the Lilliputians and the Brodingnaginas view of life are almost utopian. The charge of pessimism and misanthropy cannot be sustained on the basis of these two voyages. In the third book the voyage to Laputta swift seems to ridicule with unspairing the severity the scientific e xperiments and philosophical speculations of his time, but ridicule is not misanthropy.The charge then is made mainly on the four book. The Yahoos are undoubted caricature of human beings: they lick the feet of the horse and are happy when some piece of ass’s flesh is thrown to them. The human kind seems Page 6 to be infinitely debased when contrasted with the Horses, which, by comparison, are governed by reason. There seems to be no redeeming quality in the Yahoos and the nineteenth century critics had no hesitation to brand the satirist as a misanthrope who hated man, a pessimist who saw in him not one redeeming virtue.The voyage to the Houyhnhnms was even considered â€Å"more or less symptomatic of mental disease†. But Gulliver was saved by a Portuguese captain, who showed him great kindness and refused to accept from him his passage money. The presence of Don Pedro is alone enough to disprove the charge of misanthropy. Besides are we justified in identifying Gulli ver with swift? Gulliver himself is often the victim of comic humour, when he returns home he feels disgusted with his own wife and family, he erects his residence in stables, and neighs like a horse.He is here the victim of the comic muse rather than the serious reformer of society. In this book, the Anglican clergyman appears as a preacher who believes in original sin and ridicules the eighteenth century clad about the perfectibility of man. Louis A. Landa has substantiated the view that Swift’s ‘pessimism is quite consonant with the pessimism at the heart of Christianity. † She has quoted in support of this view several passages from contemporary sermons. in my opinion†, says another modern critic, :the work is that of a Christian humanist and a moralist who no more blasphemes against the dignity of human nature than do St. Paul and some of the angrier prophets of the Old Testament†. It has been truly observed that his savage indictment of man† arises from philanthropy, not misanthropy, from idealism on what man might be, not from despair at what he is†. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Page 7